Is Legal heir and Nominee the same?
How many of us are aware of this legal twist?
Will your Nominee get the money on your death ?
Did you think that your nominee is the person, who will get all the money legally from your Life Insurance Policy and Mutual funds investments?
That is exactly what you think if you are not aware of the legal aspects.
We assume a lot of things which sounds like they are obvious, but are not true from the legal point of view.
Today, we all concentrate on nominations in financial products.
For whom are we earning ? For whom are we investing ?
Who, do we want to leave all our wealth to, in case something happens to us ?
It might be your children, your spouse, parents, siblings etc., or just a subset of these. You also might want to exclude some people from your list of beneficiaries!.
So you think you will nominate person X in your Insurance policy, and when you are dead and gone, all the money goes to person X and he/she becomes the sole owner ? You are wrong !
It does not work that way.
Let us see how it actually works.
What is a Nominee ?
According to law, a nominee is a trustee, not the owner of the assets. In other words, he is only a caretaker of your assets.
The nominee will only hold your money/asset as a trustee and will be legally bound to transfer it to the legal heirs.
For most investments, a legal heir is entitled to the deceased’s assets.
For instance, Section 39 of the Insurance Act says the appointed nominee will be paid, though he may not be the legal heir.
The nominee, in turn, is supposed to hold the proceeds in trust and the legal heir can claim the money.
A legal heir will be the one who is mentioned in the will. However, if a will is not made, then the legal heirs of the assets are decided according to the succession laws, where the structure is predefined on who gets how much.
For example, if a man during his lifetime executes a will. In the will, he mentions his wife and children as legal heirs, then after his death, his wife and children are the legal owners of his assets.
It is essential that one needs to execute a will. It is the ultimate source of truth and replaces the succession law.
Nominee can also be one of the legal heirs.
Important :
Mention the Full Name, Address, age, relationship to yourself of the nominee.
Do not write the nomination in favour of wife and children as a class. Give their specific names and particulars existing at that moment.
If the nominee is a minor, appoint a person who is a major as an appointee giving his full name, age, address and relationship to the nominee.
Why is the concept of Nominee ?
So, if the nominee does not become the sole owner, why does such a concept of a nominee exist at all ?
It is pretty simple. When you die, you want to make sure that the Insurance company, Mutual fund or your Shares should at least get out of the companies and go to someone you trust, and who can further help, in process of passing it to your legal heirs.
Otherwise, if a person dies and has not nominated anyone, your legal heirs will have to go through the process of producing all kind of certificates like death certificates, proof of relation etc., not to mention that the whole process is really cumbersome !
So, to simplify, if a nominee exists, these hassles do not happen, since the company is bound to transfer all your money or assets to the nominee. The company then goes out of scene & then, it is between nominee and legal heirs.
Example:
A was 58 years old who died recently in an accident. As his children were settled, he wanted to make sure that his wife is the sole owner of all the monetary assets. This includes his insurance policy and mutual funds. So during his lifetime, he nominated his wife as a nominee in his term insurance policy and mutual funds investments. However, after A’s death things did not turn up the way he wanted. The reason being A did not leave a will. Though his wife was the nominee in all his movable assets, as per the law, his wife, along with children, were the legal heirs and all of them had equal right to A’s assets.
One simple step which could have saved the situation was that A should have made a will which clearly stated that only his wife was entitled to get all the money and not his children.
Nomination in Life Insurance :
A policyholder can appoint multiple nominees and can also specify their shares in the policy proceeds.
Nomination in life insurance has one limitation, as insurance policies are bought to secure your financial dependents, your first choice of nominee has to be your family members. In case you want to nominate a non-family member like a friend or third party, you will have to show/PROVE the insurance company that there is some insurable interest for the person.
As per LIC website –
Nomination is a right conferred on the holder of a Policy of Life Assurance on his own life to appoint a person/s to receive policy moneys in the event of the policy becoming a claim by the assured’s death. The Nominee does not get any other benefit except to receive the policy moneys on the death of the Life Assured.
A nomination may be changed or cancelled by the life assured whenever he likes without the consent of the Nominee.
Make sure, you have a nominee for your policy for easy settlement of the claim, if you do not have any nominee mentioned in the policy, it can turn out to be a disaster for your dependents to get a claim.
Nomination in Mutual Funds :
In case of mutual funds, you can nominate up to three people, who can be registered at the time of purchasing the units. While filling in the application form, there is a provision to fill in the nomination details.
Even a minor can be a nominee, provided the guardian is specified in the nomination form.
You can also change nomination later by filling up a form which is available on the mutual fund company website.
Nomination in mutual funds is at folio level and all units in the folio will be transferred to the nominee(s). If an investor makes a further investment in the same folio, the nomination is applicable to the new units also. A non-resident Indian can be a nominee, subject to the exchange control regulations in force from time to time.
Nomination in Shares :
Now you know what a Nominee means and who actually gets the money.
So if there is a husband H, with wife W and nephew N, and he has nominated his nephew N to be the nominee of his shares in demat account, who will have the legal right to own the shares after husband’s death ? If you answer is wife, you are wrong in this case!
In case of stocks, it does not work the usual way, if a will does not exist.
In the verdict, Justice Roshan Dalvi struck down a petition filed by Harsha Nitin Kokate, who was seeking permission to sell some shares held by her late husband. The Court noted that as she was not the nominee, she had no ownership rights over the shares. Ms Kokate’s lawyer had argued that as she was the heir of her husband who had died intestate (without a will), she should have ownership rights of the shares, and be able to do anything with them as she wished.
In this case, Ms Kokate’s husband had nominated his nephew in favour of the shares. Justice Dalvi however noted that under the provisions of the Companies Act and the Depositories Act, Acts which govern the transfer of shares, the role of a nominee was different.
Thus if you have not written a will, anyone who has been nominated by you for your shares will be the ultimate owner of those stocks. The succession laws on inheritance will not be applicable... but, in case, you have made a will, that will be the source of truth.
Nomination in PPF :
If you have Rs 10 lakh in your public provident fund (PPF) account and you have not nominated anyone for your PPF account, your legal heirs will get maximum of Rs1 lakh only!
Yes, it is so important to have a nominee.
Nomination in Saving/Current/FD/RD Account in Banks :
FD’s also come with nomination facility. While opening a new account, there is a column for nomination in the same form and you should fill it. You can nominate two persons with first and second option.
Corporate Fixed Deposits :
Money lying deposited in the account of the original depositor should be distributed among the claimants in accordance with the Succession Act of the respective community and the nominee cannot claim any absolute right over it.
CONCLUSION :
Taking Personal finance for granted can be fatal.
Just investing knowledge is not enough to have a great financial life. You also need to be well versed with basic legal aspects and make sure you carry out all due arrangement .
Nomination is one important aspect you should seriously consider, when checking for the financial products you have bought or plan to buy in future to ENSURE that your loved do not face legal issues.
(The blog writer/compiler is a Management Professional and operates a Manpower & Property Consultancy Firm. Besides, he is President of "Consumer Justice Council", Secretary of "SARATHI", Member of "Jan Manch", Holds "Palakatva of NMC", Is a Para Legal Volunteer, District Court, Nagpur & Member of Family Welfare Committee formed under the directions of Hon. Supreme Court).
